Thai, the official language of Thailand, is a member of the Tai-Kadai language family. It is a tonal, analytic language with a unique script and a grammar system that differs significantly from English and other Indo-European languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thai Alphabet<\/strong>: The Thai script, derived from the Khmer script, consists of 44 consonants, 15 vowel symbols (representing 32 vowel sounds), and additional diacritics for tones and special characters. It is written from left to right with no spaces between words, though spaces are used to separate clauses or sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Consonants<\/strong>: Each consonant belongs to one of three classes (high, mid, low), which influence tone rules. Some consonants have multiple forms depending on their position in a syllable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vowels<\/strong>: Vowels can appear before, after, above, below, or around consonants. They can be short or long, affecting meaning (e.g., ka<\/em> with a short vowel vs. kaa<\/em> with a long vowel).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tone Markers<\/strong>: Four tone markers (\u0e48, \u0e49, \u0e4a, \u0e4b) combine with consonant classes and syllable structure to produce one of five tones: mid, low, falling, high, or rising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Thai script, also known as the Thai alphabet, is used to write the Thai language and consists of 44 consonants, 15 vowel symbols (which combine into about 32 vowels), and various diacritics for tones and other phonetic markers. Below, I\u2019ll list the Thai consonants, vowels, and provide a brief explanation of their structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Each consonant has a name and is associated with a sound. They are grouped into three classes (high, mid, low) for tone rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Note<\/em>: \u0e03 (kho khuat) and \u0e05 (kho khon) are obsolete and rarely used in modern Thai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai vowels are written around the consonant (before, after, above, or below). They are represented by symbols or combinations of symbols. Here are the main vowel forms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai is a tonal language with five tones: mid, low, falling, high, and rising. Tone marks are placed above consonants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai script is written left to right with no spaces between words (spaces indicate sentence or clause breaks).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tone rules depend on the consonant class (high, mid, low), vowel length, and tone marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai numbers: \u0e50 (0), \u0e51 (1), \u0e52 (2), \u0e53 (3), \u0e54 (4), \u0e55 (5), \u0e56 (6), \u0e57 (7), \u0e58 (8), \u0e59 (9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n If you\u2019d like me to explain how to form words, tone rules, or provide examples of Thai script in use, let me know!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai is a tonal language, meaning pitch changes alter word meaning. The five tones are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mid<\/strong>: Neutral pitch (e.g., m\u00e2a<\/em> – “come”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Low<\/strong>: Lower pitch (e.g., m\u00e0a<\/em> – “dog”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Falling<\/strong>: High-to-low pitch (e.g., m\u00e2a<\/em> – “horse”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n High<\/strong>: High pitch (e.g., m\u00e1a<\/em> – “silk”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rising<\/strong>: Low-to-high pitch (e.g., m\u01cea<\/em> – “mother”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tone is determined by the consonant class, vowel length, syllable type (live or dead), and tone markers. Misusing tones can change a word\u2019s meaning entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Basic Word Order<\/strong>: Thai follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure, similar to English. For example, ph\u01d2m kin khao<\/em> (“I eat rice”) follows SVO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No Inflection<\/strong>: Thai lacks verb conjugations for tense, person or number, and nouns do not change for plurality or case. Context, particles, or time expressions clarify these aspects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Particles<\/strong>: Sentence-final particles like kr\u00e1p<\/em> (used by males) or kh\u00e2<\/em> (used by females) indicate politeness, emphasis, or mood. Other particles, like n\u00e1<\/em> (softening) or l\u01ce<\/em> (question marker), modify tone or intent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Questions<\/strong>: Formed by adding question particles like m\u01cei<\/em> (“yes\/no” questions) or arai<\/em> (“what”) at the end of a sentence. For example, kin khao m\u01cei?<\/em> (“Are you eating rice?”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Negation<\/strong>: The word m\u00e2i<\/em> (not) is placed before the verb, e.g., ph\u01d2m m\u00e2i kin khao<\/em> (“I don\u2019t eat rice”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n No Plural Markers<\/strong>: Plurality is implied by context or quantifiers (e.g., d\u00e8k s\u01ceam khon<\/em> – “three children”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Classifiers<\/strong>: Thai uses classifiers when counting or referring to nouns, similar to “a cup of water” in English. For example, m\u01cea s\u01ceam dtua<\/em> (“three dogs,” where dtua<\/em> is the classifier for animals).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pronouns<\/strong>: Pronouns vary by social context, gender, and politeness. Common pronouns include ph\u01d2m<\/em> (male “I”), ch\u01cen<\/em> (female “I”), and kh\u00e1o<\/em> (“he\/she”). Kinship terms like ph\u00eei<\/em> (“older sibling”) are often used instead of pronouns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No Conjugation<\/strong>: Verbs remain unchanged regardless of tense, number, or subject. Tense is indicated by time words like w\u00e2n-n\u00edi<\/em> (“today”) or phr\u00fbng-n\u00edi<\/em> (“tomorrow”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Serial Verb Construction<\/strong>: Multiple verbs can be strung together without conjunctions, e.g., ph\u01d2m y\u00e0ak kin l\u01fdo n\u00f4n<\/em> (“I want to eat and then sleep”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Auxiliary Verbs<\/strong>: Words like d\u00e2i<\/em> (“can”) or t\u00f4ng<\/em> (“must”) modify the main verb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No Distinct Form<\/strong>: Adjectives function like stative verbs and follow the noun they describe, e.g., m\u01cea s\u00f9ay<\/em> (“beautiful dog”). Comparatives use kw\u00e0a<\/em> (“more than”), and superlatives use th\u00eei-s\u00f9t<\/em> (“the most”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Adverbs typically follow verbs and are often formed by reduplication (e.g., dii dii<\/em> – “very well”) or by using specific words like rew<\/em> (“quickly”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prepositions like t\u00eei<\/em> (“at”) or k\u00e0p<\/em> (“with”) indicate location or relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Conjunctions like l\u01fdo<\/em> (“and”) or t\u01fd<\/em> (“but”) connect clauses, though Thai often relies on context instead of explicit conjunctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Classifiers are essential for counting, quantifying, or referring to nouns. Each noun category has a specific classifier, such as khon<\/em> for people, dtua<\/em> for animals, or l\u00eam<\/em> for books. For example, r\u00f3t s\u01d2ng khan<\/em> (“two cars,” where khan<\/em> is the classifier for vehicles).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai grammar is heavily influenced by social hierarchy and politeness:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Polite Particles<\/strong>: kr\u00e1p<\/em> (male) and kh\u00e2\/kh\u00e0<\/em> (female) are used to soften speech and show respect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pronoun Choice<\/strong>: Pronouns reflect the speaker\u2019s and listener\u2019s social status, age, or relationship. For example, a younger person might use ph\u01d2m<\/em> or ch\u01cen<\/em> when speaking to an elder, who might be addressed as khun<\/em> (“you,” polite).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Royal and Religious Language<\/strong>: Special vocabulary (r\u00e2atch\u00e1s\u00e0p<\/em>) is used when referring to royalty or religious figures, with unique pronouns and verbs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tense<\/strong>: Indicated by time adverbs rather than verb changes. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Present: ph\u01d2m kin khao<\/em> (“I eat rice”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Past: ph\u01d2m kin khao m\u00eaua-w\u00e2n<\/em> (“I ate rice yesterday”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Future: ph\u01d2m j\u00e0 kin khao phr\u00fbng-n\u00edi<\/em> (“I will eat rice tomorrow”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Aspect<\/strong>: Markers like kamlang<\/em> (ongoing action) or l\u01fdo<\/em> (completed action) clarify the state of an action, e.g., ph\u01d2m kamlang kin khao<\/em> (“I am eating rice”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Reduplication is common to emphasize or soften meaning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Adjectives: s\u00f9ay s\u00f9ay<\/em> (“very beautiful”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Verbs: d\u00fbem d\u00fbem<\/em> (“drink repeatedly”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nouns: b\u00e2n-b\u00e2n<\/em> (“houses,” implying many).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Compounding<\/strong>: Thai often combines words to create new meanings, e.g., r\u00f3t yon<\/em> (“car” + “move” = “automobile”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Borrowing<\/strong>: Thai incorporates loanwords from Pali, Sanskrit, Khmer, Chinese, and English, often adapted to Thai phonology (e.g., th\u00eal\u00e9f\u00f4n<\/em> from “telephone”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Onomatopoeia<\/strong>: Common in Thai, especially for sounds or actions, e.g., p\u00f2k-p\u00e0k<\/em> for a knocking sound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tones<\/strong>: Mastering the five tones is critical, as errors can lead to misunderstandings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Classifiers<\/strong>: Memorizing the correct classifier for each noun category is complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Politeness<\/strong>: Navigating social hierarchies and choosing appropriate pronouns\/particles requires cultural understanding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lack of Spaces<\/strong>: Reading and parsing sentences without spaces between words can be difficult for beginners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Simple Sentence<\/strong>: ch\u01cen r\u00e1k khun<\/em> (“I love you”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Question<\/strong>: khun j\u00e0 pai n\u01cei?<\/em> (“Where are you going?”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Negation<\/strong>: m\u00e2i ch\u00f4p kin p\u00e8t<\/em> (“I don\u2019t like eating spicy food”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Complex Sentence<\/strong>: ph\u01d2m y\u00e0ak j\u00e0 pai t\u00eei h\u01d4a-h\u00een t\u01fd m\u00e2i mii welaa<\/em> (“I want to go to Hua Hin, but I don\u2019t have time”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thai grammar is characterized by its simplicity in terms of inflection but complexity in tones, classifiers, and social nuances. Its analytic nature relies heavily on word order, context, and particles to convey meaning. Understanding Thai grammar requires not only learning its structural rules but also appreciating the cultural and social factors that shape its use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Thai script, derived from the Old Khmer script in the 13th century, is an abugida, a writing system where consonants are primary, and vowels are typically indicated by diacritical marks. Created by King Ramkhamhaeng in 1283, it is used to write Thai, a tonal language of the Tai-Kadai family, as well as some minority languages in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Number<\/strong>: 44 consonant letters, representing 21 distinct consonant sounds (some letters are redundant or obsolete).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Classification<\/strong>: Consonants are divided into three classes\u2014high, mid, and low\u2014which influence the tone of a syllable:<\/p>\n\n\n\n High class<\/strong>: 11 consonants (e.g., \u0e02, \u0e09, \u0e10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mid class<\/strong>: 9 consonants (e.g., \u0e01, \u0e08, \u0e14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Low class<\/strong>: 24 consonants (e.g., \u0e04, \u0e0a, \u0e17).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Role<\/strong>: Each consonant has an inherent name and sound, used as the base for syllables. For example, \u0e01 is pronounced \/k\u0254\u0300\u02d0 k\u00e0i\/ (“chicken”) and represents the \/k\/ sound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Number<\/strong>: 32 vowel symbols, representing 18 vowel sounds (short and long variants).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Structure<\/strong>: Vowels are written as diacritics or letters placed around the consonant:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Above (e.g., \u25cc\u0e31 \/a\/, \u25cc\u0e35 \/i\u02d0\/).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Below (e.g., \u25cc\u0e38 \/u\/, \u25cc\u0e39 \/u\u02d0\/).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Before, after, or both (e.g., \u0e40\u25cc \/e\u02d0\/, \u25cc\u0e2d \/\u0254\u02d0\/).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Inherent Vowels<\/strong>: In some cases, no written vowel symbol implies a short \/a\/ or \/o\/ sound, depending on syllable structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Diphthongs and Triphthongs<\/strong>: Thai includes complex vowel combinations like \u0e40\u25cc\u0e35\u0e22 \/ia\/ or \u0e40\u25cc\u0e37\u0e2d \/\u026fa\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Number<\/strong>: 4 tone marks (plus the absence of a mark).<\/p>\n\n\n\n System: You are Grok built by xAI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Function<\/strong>: Tone marks (\u25cc\u0ec8, \u25cc\u0e49, \u25cc\u0e4a, \u25cc\u0e4b) modify the tone of a syllable, interacting with consonant classes to produce one of five tones: mid, low, falling, high, or rising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example<\/strong>: The syllable \u0e01\u0e32 with a mid-class consonant \u0e01 and no tone mark is \/k\u0101\u02d0\/ (mid tone), while \u0e01\u0e48\u0e32 with a low-tone mark is \/k\u00e0\u02d0\/ (low tone).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Final Consonants<\/strong>: Certain consonants (e.g., \u0e19, \u0e21, \u0e14) can end a syllable, affecting pronunciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Silent Letters<\/strong>: The character \u0e4c silences a consonant, often used in loanwords or to indicate non-pronunciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Repetition Mark<\/strong>: \u0e46 indicates that the previous word is repeated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Script Direction<\/strong>: Thai is written left to right with no spaces between words. Spaces separate sentences or clauses, though modern usage may include spaces for clarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Syllable Structure<\/strong>: A typical Thai syllable consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Initial consonant (required).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vowel (inherent or explicit).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Optional final consonant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Optional tone mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example: \u0e17\u0e32\u0e19 \/th\u0101n\/ (eat, mid tone) = \u0e17 (consonant) + \u0e32 (vowel) + \u0e19 (final consonant).<\/p>\n\n\n\n No Capitalization<\/strong>: Thai does not use uppercase or lowercase letters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonal Complexity<\/strong>: The tone of a syllable depends on the consonant class, tone mark, vowel length, and final consonant type (sonorant or stop). For instance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Low-class consonant + long vowel + no tone mark = low tone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mid-class consonant + short vowel + stop consonant = low tone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Orthographic Rules<\/strong>: Thai spelling often reflects etymology or pronunciation, with some silent letters preserved for historical reasons. Loanwords, especially from Pali, Sanskrit, or English, may follow unique spelling conventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Punctuation<\/strong>: Thai uses minimal punctuation. The space acts as a comma or period, and Western punctuation (e.g., periods, commas) is increasingly adopted in modern texts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Non-Latin Script<\/strong>: Unlike alphabetic systems like Latin, Thai\u2019s abugida relies on diacritics for vowels and tones, making it visually distinct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonal Language<\/strong>: The writing system encodes five tones, critical for meaning (e.g., \u0e01\u0e25\u0e49\u0e32 \/kl\u00e2\u02d0\/ “brave” vs. \u0e01\u0e25\u0e49\u0e32 \/kl\u00e0\u02d0\/ “rice seedling”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n No Word Boundaries<\/strong>: Readers rely on context and familiarity to parse words, which can challenge learners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Calligraphic Tradition<\/strong>: Thai script is highly stylized, with rounded, flowing letter shapes, and traditional calligraphy remains culturally significant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tone Rules<\/strong>: Mastering the interaction of consonant classes, tone marks, and syllable structure is complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vowel Placement<\/strong>: Vowels appearing before, after, above, or below consonants require memorization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Reading Fluency<\/strong>: The lack of word spaces demands familiarity with vocabulary and grammar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Redundant Consonants<\/strong>: Multiple letters for the same sound (e.g., \u0e0e and \u0e14 both represent \/d\/) can confuse beginners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Thai script is a national symbol, standardized in the 19th century to unify regional variations. It is used in official documents, literature, signage, and digital communication. Its aesthetic design is celebrated in art, and learning the script is a key part of Thai education.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","category-questions-answers"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9498","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9498"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9498\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9534,"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9498\/revisions\/9534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9498"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9498"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/forum.timesofu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9498"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Thai consonants (44 characters)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Thai Script<\/th> Romanization<\/th> Name (Thai)<\/th> Pronunciation<\/th> Class<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> \u0e01<\/td> ko<\/td> \u0e01\u0e2d \u0e44\u0e01\u0e48<\/td> Chicken<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e02<\/td> kho<\/td> \u0e02\u0e2d \u0e44\u0e02\u0e48<\/td> Egg<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e03<\/td> kho<\/td> \u0e03\u0e2d \u0e02\u0e27\u0e14<\/td> Bottle<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e04<\/td> kho<\/td> \u0e04\u0e2d \u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e22<\/td> Buffalo<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e05<\/td> kho<\/td> \u0e05\u0e2d \u0e04\u0e19<\/td> Person<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e06<\/td> kho<\/td> \u0e06\u0e2d \u0e23\u0e30\u0e06\u0e31\u0e07<\/td> Bell<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e07<\/td> ngo<\/td> \u0e07\u0e2d \u0e07\u0e39<\/td> Snake<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e08<\/td> cho<\/td> \u0e08\u0e2d \u0e08\u0e32\u0e19<\/td> Plate<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e09<\/td> cho<\/td> \u0e09\u0e2d \u0e09\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07<\/td> Cymbals<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e0a<\/td> cho<\/td> \u0e0a\u0e2d \u0e0a\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07<\/td> Elephant<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e0b<\/td> so<\/td> \u0e0b\u0e2d \u0e42\u0e0b\u0e48<\/td> Chain<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e0c<\/td> cho<\/td> \u0e0c\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e0c\u0e2d<\/td> Tree<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e0d<\/td> yo<\/td> \u0e0d\u0e2d \u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e34\u0e07<\/td> Woman<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e0e<\/td> do<\/td> \u0e0e\u0e2d \u0e0a\u0e0e\u0e32<\/td> Headdress<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e0f<\/td> to<\/td> \u0e0f\u0e2d \u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e31\u0e01<\/td> Spear<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e10<\/td> tho<\/td> \u0e10\u0e2d \u0e10\u0e32\u0e19<\/td> Base<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e11<\/td> tho<\/td> \u0e11\u0e2d \u0e21\u0e13\u0e42\u0e11<\/td> Montho (name)<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e12<\/td> tho<\/td> \u0e12\u0e2d \u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e12\u0e48\u0e32<\/td> Elder<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e13<\/td> no<\/td> \u0e13\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e13\u0e23<\/td> Novice monk<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e14<\/td> do<\/td> \u0e14\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01<\/td> Child<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e15<\/td> to<\/td> \u0e15\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32<\/td> Turtle<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e16<\/td> tho<\/td> \u0e16\u0e2d \u0e16\u0e38\u0e07<\/td> Sack<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e17<\/td> tho<\/td> \u0e17\u0e2d \u0e17\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e23<\/td> Soldier<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e18<\/td> tho<\/td> \u0e18\u0e2d \u0e18\u0e07<\/td> Flag<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e19<\/td> no<\/td> \u0e19\u0e2d \u0e2b\u0e19\u0e39<\/td> Mouse<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e1a<\/td> bo<\/td> \u0e1a\u0e2d \u0e43\u0e1a\u0e44\u0e21\u0e49<\/td> Leaf<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e1b<\/td> po<\/td> \u0e1b\u0e2d \u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32<\/td> Fish<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e1c<\/td> pho<\/td> \u0e1c\u0e2d \u0e1c\u0e36\u0e49\u0e07<\/td> Bee<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e1d<\/td> fo<\/td> \u0e1d\u0e2d \u0e1d\u0e32<\/td> Lid<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e1e<\/td> pho<\/td> \u0e1e\u0e2d \u0e1e\u0e32\u0e19<\/td> Tray<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e1f<\/td> fo<\/td> \u0e1f\u0e2d \u0e1f\u0e31\u0e19<\/td> Tooth<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e20<\/td> pho<\/td> \u0e20\u0e2d \u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e20\u0e32<\/td> Junk (ship)<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e21<\/td> mo<\/td> \u0e21\u0e2d \u0e21\u0e49\u0e32<\/td> Horse<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e22<\/td> yo<\/td> \u0e22\u0e2d \u0e22\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e4c<\/td> Giant<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e23<\/td> ro<\/td> \u0e23\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d<\/td> Boat<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e25<\/td> lo<\/td> \u0e25\u0e2d \u0e25\u0e34\u0e07<\/td> Monkey<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e27<\/td> wo<\/td> \u0e27\u0e2d \u0e27\u0e31\u0e27<\/td> Cow<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e28<\/td> so<\/td> \u0e28\u0e2d \u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e32<\/td> Pavilion<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e29<\/td> so<\/td> \u0e29\u0e2d \u0e24\u0e45\u0e29\u0e35<\/td> Hermit<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e2a<\/td> so<\/td> \u0e2a\u0e2d \u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e2d<\/td> Tiger<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e2b<\/td> ho<\/td> \u0e2b\u0e2d \u0e2b\u0e35\u0e1a<\/td> Chest<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> \u0e2c<\/td> lo<\/td> \u0e2c\u0e2d \u0e08\u0e38\u0e2c\u0e32<\/td> Kite<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> \u0e2d<\/td> o<\/td> \u0e2d\u0e2d \u0e2d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07<\/td> Basin<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> \u0e2e<\/td> ho<\/td> \u0e2e\u0e2d \u0e19\u0e01\u0e2e\u0e39\u0e01<\/td> Owl<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Thai vowels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Vowel Symbol(s)<\/th> Romanization<\/th> Example (with \u0e01)<\/th> Pronunciation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> -\u0e31<\/td> a<\/td> \u0e01\u0e31<\/td> ka<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e32<\/td> aa<\/td> \u0e01\u0e32<\/td> kaa<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e34<\/td> i<\/td> \u0e01\u0e34<\/td> ki<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e35<\/td> ii<\/td> \u0e01\u0e35<\/td> kii<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e36<\/td> ue<\/td> \u0e01\u0e36<\/td> kue<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e37<\/td> uee<\/td> \u0e01\u0e37<\/td> kuee<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e38<\/td> u<\/td> \u0e01\u0e38<\/td> ku<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e39<\/td> uu<\/td> \u0e01\u0e39<\/td> kuu<\/td><\/tr> \u0e40-<\/td> e<\/td> \u0e40\u0e01<\/td> ke<\/td><\/tr> \u0e41-<\/td> ae<\/td> \u0e41\u0e01<\/td> kae<\/td><\/tr> \u0e42-<\/td> o<\/td> \u0e42\u0e01<\/td> ko<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e2d<\/td> o<\/td> \u0e01\u0e2d<\/td> ko<\/td><\/tr> \u0e43-<\/td> ai<\/td> \u0e43\u0e01<\/td> kai<\/td><\/tr> \u0e44-<\/td> ai<\/td> \u0e44\u0e01<\/td> kai<\/td><\/tr> \u0e40-\u0e32\u0e30<\/td> o<\/td> \u0e40\u0e01\u0e32\u0e30<\/td> ko<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n \n
Tone marks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tone Mark<\/th> Name<\/th> Tone<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> (none)<\/td> Mid tone (default)<\/td> Mid<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e48<\/td> Mai ek<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e49<\/td> Mai tho<\/td> Falling<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e4a<\/td> Mai tri<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> -\u0e4b<\/td> Mai jattawa<\/td> Rising<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Tones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sentence structure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Parts of speech<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Nouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Verbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Adjectives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Adverbs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Prepositions and conjunctions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Classifiers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Politeness and social context<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Tense and aspect<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Reduplication<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Word formation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Common challenges for learners<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Example sentences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Thai alphabet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Consonants<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Vowels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tone marks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Special characters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Writing principles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
Key features<\/h2>\n\n\n\n